Make a quick shrimp-shell broth: Bring 2 cups of water to a boil. Add shrimp shells and simmer for 5 minutes to extract flavor. Strain and discard shells. Set broth aside.
Prepare the aromatics: Lightly bruise the lemongrass and galangal using a pestle or rolling pin to release their aromatic oils before adding them to the soup.
Build the soup base: In the same pot, add the shrimp-shell broth and coconut water. Bring just to a boil over medium heat, then lower to a gentle simmer.
Add aromatics: Add cilantro root, bruised lemongrass, galangal, tomatoes, and mushrooms. Simmer gently for 3–4 minutes until fragrant.
Cook the shrimp: Increase the heat to high. Add shrimp and chilies and cook just until shrimp turn opaque, about 1–2 minutes.
Season and finish: Add in Tom Yum Paste or Nam Prik Pow. Remove from heat. Stir in the fish sauce, then add the lime juice off the heat so the soup stays bright and does not turn bitter. Add kaffir lime leaves, cilantro, and culantro.
Serve: Ladle into bowls and serve immediately while hot and aromatic.